A high-throughput screening procedure for identifying mice with aberrant taste and oromotor function. Sexually dimorphic neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus govern mating in both sexes and aggression in males. Membrane properties of striatal direct and indirect pathway neurons in mouse and rat slices and their modulation by dopamine. Dopamine differentially modulates the excitability of striatal neurons of the direct and indirect pathways in lamprey. Taste pathways that mediate accumbens dopamine release by sapid sucrose. Nucleus accumbens neurons are innately tuned for rewarding and aversive taste stimuli, encode their predictors, and are linked to motor output. Nutrient selection in the absence of taste receptor signaling. Dopamine signaling in the dorsal striatum is essential for motivated behaviors: lessons from dopamine-deficient mice. Dopaminergic mechanisms in actions and habits. Wickens, J.R., Horvitz, J.C., Costa, R.M. Reward-guided learning beyond dopamine in the nucleus accumbens: the integrative functions of cortico-basal ganglia networks. The evolutionary origin of the vertebrate basal ganglia and its role in action selection. Plastic corticostriatal circuits for action learning: what's dopamine got to do with it? Ann. Modulation of striatal projection systems by dopamine. Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: from actions to habits to compulsion. Independent circuits in the basal ganglia for the evaluation and selection of actions. Stephenson-Jones, M., Kardamakis, A.A., Robertson, B. Food reward in the absence of taste receptor signaling. Post-ingestive positive controls of ingestive behavior. Our data indicate that sugar recruits a distributed dopamine-excitable striatal circuitry that acts to prioritize energy-seeking over taste quality. Conversely, optogenetic stimulation of dopamine-excitable cells in dorsal, but not ventral, striatum substituted for sugar in its ability to drive the ingestion of unpalatable solutions. Consistently, cell-specific ablation of dopamine-excitable cells in dorsal, but not ventral, striatum inhibited sugar's ability to drive the ingestion of unpalatable solutions. During sugar intake, suppressing hedonic value inhibited dopamine release in ventral, but not dorsal, striatum, whereas suppressing nutritional value inhibited dopamine release in dorsal, but not ventral, striatum. We found in mice that separate basal ganglia circuitries mediated the hedonic and nutritional actions of sugar. It is, however, unknown whether sweetness and nutritional signals engage segregated brain networks to motivate ingestion. Sugar exerts its potent reinforcing effects via both gustatory and post-ingestive pathways.
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